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depression of joints -
depression of rail joints -
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scrapping -
scrapping of equipment -
taking out of service -
scrapping -
flangeway -
span - bridge
opening to traffic -
system height - encumbrance
The distance between catenary and contact wire of an overhead equipment at a support.
opening of crack -
construction of a tunnel -
opening of line - by day ...
opening of line -
opening of line to traffic -
hoop ring -
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interior straddle -
Guideway design, formerly used for experimental vehicles (e.g., TR04), in which the guidance and levitation components of the vehicle are supported by the inner surfaces of the guideway. This design entails higher guideway beam costs and results in lower aerodynamic efficiency, and is no longer in use.
guideway straddling -
Characteristic of a vehicle (e.g., the --> TRANSRAPID Maglev vehicle) in which the vehicle undercarriage fits over and around load-bearing guideway components such that the vehicle cannot derail or overturn.
abrasion -
Removal of material by friction between two elements, such as the wheel and rail or the overhead cable and pantograph.
station canopy -
absorption -
Additional service which requires the receiving station to destroy every packet containing this attribute.
sound muffler -
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paddle-wheel generator drive -
Driving system for an on-board power generator in an --> EDS system which uses a reaction rail for levitation. A wheel fitted with superconducting excitation coils is placed very close to the reaction rail; eddy currents induce rotational forces in the wheel, which can be used to drive a rotating generator.
superstructure loading -
Static and dynamic forces acting on the track, rail attachments (small equipment) and ballast (ballast bed). Forces exerted by a moving vehicle must be transferred evenly to the track infrastructure.
acceleration limit -
Maximum acceleration rate which is consistent with passenger comfort, load safety and dynamic safety (--> turnout velocity).
starting acceleration -
Initial acceleration of a vehicle starting from zero velocity. It is limited by installed power and, in wheel-on-rail systems, adhesion conditions between wheels and rails.
residual acceleration -
Acceleration a vehicle is able to attain after having reached maximum velocity.
lateral acceleration -
Acceleration perpendicular to the direction of motion, caused by centrifugal forces as the vehicle moves through a curve, or by defects in track configuration. The impact of lateral acceleration on passengers can be reduced or even eliminated by proper --> superelevation in curves (--> lateral tilt).
free lateral acceleration -
Component of --> lateral acceleration acting parallel to the vehicle floor. It has an impact on passenger comfort, and, in curves, the free lateral acceleration can be reduced by --> superelevation of the track and by an active vehicle-tilting mechanism.
brake accelerator -
accelerometer - curve detection
Detects lateral acceleration of the vehicle.
approach lighting - 50(821) IEC
A system by means of which a signal is lit only during the approach and passage of a train.
accessibility -
Measure of the ease with which a specific location may be reached from a number of other locations (--> travel time; --> origin-destination traffic).
accessibility - equipment
The ease with which specific parts or components can be reached. Significant factor in the --> maintainability of a facility's components and constituent systems, and the level of effort required for inspection and repair activities.
access road -
Road constructed or modified to serve a construction site. After construction work is completed, it may be eliminated or retained as an emergency access road, for such purposes as reaching tunnels on --> new lines in case of accidents.
railway accident -
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train inspector -
line connector -
Functional unit responsible for carrying out transmission procedures in the transfer of data.
slide coupling -
Coupling that allows sliding movement between rotating parts, e.g., a magnetic-particle coupler between the left and right sides of a slide-controlled axle.
flux linkage -
Linkage of flux achieved by several coils in the same magnetic circuit.
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brake coupling -
variable engine-transmission unit coupling -
Traction motor which is not supported in the traditional fashion, i.e., by an axle and bogie frame (nose suspension) or mounted in the bogie frame as a whole, but instead, depending on operating conditions, is carried either on the bogie (low velocities, tight curves, fairly high unsprung mass) or on the locomotive body (high velocities, wide curves, low unsprung mass). The change in support may be effected either actively as a function of velocity or passively by means of springs and shock absorbers.
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Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Goods by Rail - AIM
Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Passengers and Baggage by Rail - AIV
effect of train - 50(821) IEC
Action exerted by a train on signalling apparatus.
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adjustment to electrification gauge -
adhesion -
Description of the degree to which friction between wheel and track can be used by a vehicle to transmit traction and braking forces.
admixture - concrete
additive - petrol, lubricants
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HF - high frequency
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allocation - of a vehicle
assignment -
allocation - part load traffic
time budget -
Division of a limited amount of time into segments associated with various activites, e.g., --> travel time.
traffic assignment -
Assignment of traffic flow to the sections of routes concerned in the transport system as described by origin-destination relations in order to determine the total traffic load of a route.
track allocation -
dynamic allocation -
Action of allocating the resources of a computer to the tasks to be carried out according to criteria evaluated at the time the need arises.
dynamic allocation of resources -
Technique of allocating resources at the time they are required, e.g.: dynamic allocation of buffer storage needed by several communications.
fixed allocation of resources -
Fixed allocation of the computer resources to the tasks to be executed.
calibration -
Calibration of causal relations, applied in demand models, betweeen various parameter values and resulting values, taking empirically determined facts into account.
point locking -
locking - points
affinity for high-speed transport -
Correlation between the requirements of the potential clientele for a high-speed transport system and the supply characteristics of that system (--> quality of service).
slackening of speed -
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slowing down without stopping -
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checker -
fasten the tyre with a spring clip (to -) -
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spring clip -
aggregation -
Group or mass of discrete factors with common characteristics. In --> traffic forecasting models aggregation is a function of spatial and temporal criteria, choice of transport mode, and --> reason for travel.
grouping -
In data processing, the collection of specific elements which together form a new information.
international grouping -
Association dealing with International Travel Facilities for Railway Staff - FIP
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Trans-Europ-Express Group -
points - 50(821) IEC
Assembly of rails, blades and of auxiliaries, certain ones being movable, which effect the tangential branching of tracks and allows to run over either one track or another.
locked points -
bivalent switch -
Switch system which incorporates wheel/rail and Maglev equipment components in order to enable use by both systems. It is used, for instance, to merge a wheel/rail system and a Maglev system into a --> bivalent track.
weighted points -
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vehicle-controlled switch -
Type of switch, specific to the Maglev system guideway, in which on-board auxiliary magnets guide the train onto the correct track. The switch contains no moving parts, but comprises levitation and guidance components and gaps that dictate the minimum length, design, and arrangement of vehicle magnets.
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movable-point-frog switch - --> movable point frog
lateral switch -
Switching system in which the through and turnout tracks are built into the same beam. The switch is moved sideways to deflect a train onto a different route.
entry points -
switch with independent blades -
switch with connected blades -
shunting points - 50(821) IEC
Points normally not interlocked which are only used for shunting movements.
selective protective points - 50(821) IEC
Protection points for two routes which according to the position of the points can protect only one route.
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side protection switch - 50(821) IEC
Points provided in a line to prevent unauthorised movements from that line on to another line, and which are interlocked to provide flank protection.
outlet switch -
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three-way switch -
For Maglev systems: --> deflection switch which provides a continuous guideway in the central position and can be moved to the left or right to deflect the train onto different routes.
derailing points - 50(821) IEC
Trap points which, when placed in a certain position, derail the wheels of a vehicle.
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hydraulically operated switch -
electric-motor operated switch -
high-speed switch -
Switch comprising a deflected guideway or track section over which the vehicle can move at high speeds. The length of the section to be deflected is dictated by the turning radius required at the desired vehicle velocity.
low-speed switch -
Short switch with a turnout that has a small radius of curvature and can be crossed only at low speeds.
reversal switch -
Principle for a Maglev guideway switch that has through and turnoff track components built into mechansims that can be separately folded up and down. Not in practical use until now.
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rotating switch -
Type of Maglev guideway switch, in which the switch mechanism rotates on its longitudinal axis, presenting through or turnout tracks at different positions.
trailable points - 50(821) IEC
Points which can be trailed through in either of its positions without damage.
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trailable two way points -
facing points - 50(821) IEC
Points where the moving end of the blades face approaching traffic.
trailing points - 50(821) IEC
Points where the fixed end of the blades face approaching traffic.
pointsman -
IRCA - International Railway Congress Association
AIEP - International Association of Private-Siding Users
AIM - Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Goods by Rail
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AIV - Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Passengers and Baggage by Rail
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crowbar -
overtaking - of one train by another
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gauntletting -
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routing algorithm -
Mathematical description of the procedure that permits the routing of information in a data transmission network.
ticket clippers -
electric power supply -
compressed air supply -
power supply 2 x 25 kV -
On the the French TGV lines, 50 kV power supply system between the overhead cable and feeder, with a midpoint being connected to the rolling rail and 50/25 kV auto- transformers installed at regular intervals of about 15 km. This system makes it possible to supply propulsion units with 25 kV current, while transporting the current itself at 50 kV, thus reducing by half the number of substations necessary and making more efficient use of the national power grid.
on-board power supply -
Device on board the vehicle which stores, converts and regulates electric power and distributes it to auxiliary equipment.
auxiliary equipment power supply -
Electric power supply for on-board equipment other than vehicle propulsion. In conventional systems or the short-stator linear motor, this can be provided by a current collector; in the long-stator linear motor (e.g., the -- >TRANSRAPID), it is provided by the non-contact --> linear generator, by on-board storage batteries, or, when the train set is stopped at a station, by wayside feeder rails (--> on-board power supply, --> auxiliary power unit).
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power supply (electric -) -
cascade supply of track circuits -
cut section of track circuit - 50(821) IEC
A track circuit whose feed is supplied through the energised contacts of the track relay of the adjacent track circuit.
multi-section power feed -
Power supplied to a number of --> long-stator linear motor sections from a single substation in specific instances, for example, to the section where the next substation has broken down (--> long-stator linear motor).
single power supply -
Power supplied to an electrical installation from a single station; e.g., in a wheel-on-rail system, a given section of an overhead cable receives power from a single substation, rather than from both sides (--> dual power supply).
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lighten a wagon (to-) -
loosening of a tyre -
cable core -
Bundle of conductor wires grouped in twos or fours, known as "cabling elements of units".
web of a girder -
web of the rail -
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coil housing -
Support, made of appropriate insulating material, to contain --> long-stator linear motor windings. The coil housing also serves to ensure that stator windings are properly held within --> stator pack slots.
elongation -
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elongation at rupture -
elongation of fracture -
elastic stretch -
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metal phase change -
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contact height - pantographe
Any height of the upper contact strip face(s) above the datum (within the maximum and minimum range).
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height of the roll centre -
The distance of the roll centre from the running surface.
height lowered -
The difference in height between datum and upper edge of contact strip(s) of the lowered pantograph.
contact wire height -
free headroom -
maximum extended height -
The maximum height between datum and upper contact strip face with the pantograph in the fully raised position.
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signal background - 50(821) IEC
A plate provided to improve the visibility of a signal.
twisted metal ligature - for lead seals
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oil shock-absorber -
shock absorber -
car cushioning -
long-stroke shock absorber -
oil damper -
sound damper -
hydraulic hunting damper -
Hydraulic device serving to control rotational movement around the vertical axis (a) of the bogie in relation to the coach; and (b) of the vehicle at the intersection between two coaches.
damping - pantograph
This is the property of an element to absorb energy during movement, as a function of velocity, displacement and direction of movement.
bolster damping -
Damper, placed between the --> bolster and vehicle bogie, that reduces rolling and bouncing movements of the bogie (-->anti-roll device).
active primary damping -
For --> EDS active system which, by means of such elements as normal-conducting coils placed under the --> superconducting magnets providing levitation and propulsion, damps vibration caused by track unevenness or transverse forces, acting vertically around the mean levitation --> air gap; and horizontally in relation to the track axis. Besides the active system a passive damping system may also be installed. The additional damping is required to ensure adequate comfort, since the EDS system itself has only slight damping feedback properties.
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core drilling machine -
electromagnet ampere-turns -
Physical parameter that designates the level of excitation of an electromagnet; expressed as the product of the current flowing through the conductor in amperes and the number of turns (whether in one or several coils) around a given electromagnet core.
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turnout -
curved switch -
Turnout where both branches curve, either in the same direction with a smaller radius of curvature in one branch (inward curve), or in opposite directions (outward curve).
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simple symmetrical turnout -
Turnout with one track split in two and both the main and the secondary track curving outward.
cost-benefit analysis - CBA
Method of analysing and assessing the effects of transport measures on national economy by using finite monetary indicator(s). Effects which are not measurable in money terms are either quantified by other means or taken into account in qualitative terms.
cost-effectiveness analysis -
Evaluation method used by decision-takers to rank projects according to various multidimensional factors. Contributions towards defined objectives are either expressed directly in money terms or transformed into efficiency elements using evaluation functions.
failure modes analysis -
Inductive process that identifies potential operational defects and analyses the consequences for the system. It includes both failure analysis and failure assessment (--> fault tree analysis).
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effect analysis -
Identification and quantitative or qualitative analysis of direct and indirect effects associated with the construction and operation of a transport system.
utility analysis -
Evaluation of a variety of actions, using a multidimensional system of objectives. An order of preference may be formally and rationally derived once results are transposed onto an index scale by means of a value system. In a transport planning context, utility analyses are usually conducted to assess a variety of planning scenarios.
fault tree analysis -
Deductive process that combines all possible fault sources in a cause-and- effect relationship, making it possible to deduce cause(s) of a breakdown. The causes of a major fault include human error, technical defects, and exogenous events (weather, earthquakes).
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anchorage -
buffer ring -
elastic anisotropy -
fault -
anchor -
rail-anchoring device -
contact wire mid-point anchor -
An anchorage against along-track movement of the contact wire.
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emergency release - 50(821) IEC
A device accessible under certain conditions which permits the operation of an apparatus in case of failure.
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train-on-line message - telephone block system
train-on-line message - manual block system
automatic advice of the approach of a train -
announcement of the arrival of a train -
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filler - painting
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rail-pulling device -
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scarfed joint -
breather joint - continuous welded rails
bridge roller bearing -
expansion joint -
Joint between two consecutive track sections or traction current feeder rails connected by a bolted splice leaving a space between them; this provides clearance for the rails to expand with a rise in temperature. Expansion joints are expensive to maintain and decrease ride stability. In modern tracks with long welded rails, they are no longer necessary.
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point operating apparatus -
point switch -
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single turnout -
three-throw turnout -
points and crossing -
switch and crossing work with main line curved -
derailer -
expansion bearing -
halt -
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full-application time of brake -
tightening of the gauge -
tightening of fastenings -
narrowing of the gauge -
tightening-up of fastenings -
application of the brake -
gradual application - of brake
full braking time -
automatic application of the brakes -
automatic braking -
Triggering of the braking system by a safety monitoring device. Wheel-on-rail system: emergency braking is initiated when air escapes through a valve activated by the automatic train control system or an automatic monitor, and not by the operator.
braking (automatic -) -
Triggering of the braking system by a safety monitoring device. Wheel-on-rail system: emergency braking is initiated when air escapes through a valve activated by the automatic train control system or an automatic monitor, and not by the operator.
brake application -
service braking -
Braking that is achieved by gradually and continuously lowering pressure in the main brake pipe.
jack up (to-) -
bearing -
articulated support -
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socket stanchion -
hinged support -
hinged stanchion -
jacking-up -
fixed bearing -
Bearing for one of the two (in single-span beams) or three (in double-span beams) supports, preventing any horizontal displacement of the beam resting on it. The flexible bearings of the other supports make it possible to compensate for heat expansion without additional deformation or constraints on the beam.
side bearing -
rocking stanchion -
clearance of accounts -
climbing capability -
Capability of a transport system with its vehicles to ascend slopes of a specific gradient. It depends at first on the technical possibility of starting on a slope. For wheel drive systems, the limit is given by the adhesi on prevailing under unfavourable conditions (moisture, leaves), for the non- contact --> linear propulsion, the limit is exclusively determined by the power installed.
data acquisition -
Measurement of physical parameters using sensors, conversion of measurements into electric values (e.g., voltage, frequency), followed by data display and/or storage.
horn -
Curved ends of the pantograph head which ensure movement onto the contact strip of out-of-running wires.
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sand distributor -
epoxy mortar -
Synthetic resin binder for elastic plugging up of gaps, such as joints (installed for technical reasons), used to form hermetic seals or to protect against rust and corrosion.
tie ring -
There are tie rings on open wagons in order to fasten the sheets that are needed to sheet the load.
sheeting ring -
Sheeting rings are to be found in sheets used to fasten goods on open wagons and serve to fasten the sheets to the wagon.
prestress steel -
Steel construction component to prestress --> prestressed concrete.
non-magnetic reinforcement -
For --> electrodynamic suspension systems: non-magnetic steel reinforcement built into the upper part of a concrete track to reduce drag caused by --> eddy current effects. The reinforcement must be designed such that it does not form an electric loop.
track equipment -
filling of brakes -
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fill the brake (to -) -
set a brake in operating position (to -) -
depot - warehouse
store (in-) -
storage -
energy storage -
Generally, charge which is collected in batteries to power circuits for fairly long periods. Inductive or capacitative components are used for short-term storage, e.g., to power turn-off circuits in thyristor systems.
tyre - tyred wheels
inter-car ring -
Specific device in articulated --> TGV train sets which provides the mechanical connection required to allow passage from one car to the other. The ring rests on the support bogie and supports the ends of two adjacent cars. It is linked to one of the cars by a ball joint.
loose tyre -
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multi-processor configuration -
Use of more than one processor for a single task, for such reasons as safety, --> availability, or calculation speed.
preparation of tracks -
normal flux array -
In electrodynamic suspension, array of levitation magnets such that magnets act on the track on one side of the conductors (plates or windings).
null flux array -
Array of electrodynamic levitation magnets such that a pair of magnets surrounds the conducting material (plates or windings), thus generating complementary guidance forces.
regulated start -
For --> TRANSRAPID Maglev vehicles: acceleration process during which slippage-free movement is ensured by using the --> pole tracking signal. Wide variations in drag are compensated automatically.
controlled start -
Acceleration process for synchronous Maglev vehicles which, unlike the --> regulated start is used only rarely. The substation receives no line signal indicating stator pole positions, but, instead, controls propulsion current frequency and voltage via other features of the motor, based on preset curves that take into account, as accurately as possible, maximum thrust and all factors resisting forward motion.
extraction of sleeper screws -
starting without a load -
magnetic drag -
Force induced when a magnet is moved over a closed electrical conductor (e.g., a sheet of conducting material) in a direction opposite to the direction of motion. Initially, magnetic drag increases as a function of velocity, then peaks very sharply (e.g., at around 30 km/h) and decreases as a roughly hyperbolic function. As a result of magnetic drag in --> electrodynamic suspension systems, the levitation magnet --> air gap is normally brought to design values only at or above --> transition velocity. This is made possible by an --> auxiliary running gear.
oil cooling -
Cooling process for compact, high-heat-generating power semiconductors. The cooling agent (oil) absorbs the heat given off into the area immediately surrounding the semiconductor and is itself cooled by a fan in an external radiator.
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knee joint -
articulated rubber joint -
flexible joint -
ball-and-socket joint -
multi-unit light signal - 50(821) IEC
A signal using independent light units, each unit using one light.
truss - framework
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aspect of a signal - 50(821) IEC
The appearance of a lineside signal, as viewed from the direction of an approaching train or the appearance of a cab signal.
phantom light - 50(821) IEC
A false aspect of a signal, due to light from an external source (and particularly the sun) being reflected by the optical system.
combined aspects - signal
assembler -
Program used to convert into machine code a computing program originally written in Assembly language and, if necessary, to link sub-programs.
European Assembly - UIC
UIC body with statutory delegation to handle specifically European questions.
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platelayer -
track-panel laying machine -
track laying - operating
laying of sleepers -
settlement of track -
direct laying of track -
side-slip of the embankment -
placing on the ballast -
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commutation ticket -
commutation ticket rate -
half-fare authority card -
half-fare season authority card -
International Association of Private-Siding Users - AIEP
International Railway Congress Association - IRCA
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tamping machine -
tamping pick -
vibration tamper -
packing machine -
pneumatic packing machine -
automatic tamping and levelling machine -
pack the sleepers (to -) -
ram (to -) -
packing of sleepers -
automatic inductive train control -
Train protection device that, by means of resonating circuits in the track and corresponding on-board equipment, monitors speed limit compliance, appropriate braking and compliance with stop signals. Failure to obey a restrictive signal or command causes it to trigger --> automatic braking.
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near-end cross-talk attenuation -
attenuation cell -
Quadripole having a certain characteristic impedence and serving to produce an insertion loss.
landing -
For Maglev vehicles: lowering of the vehicle onto --> gliding skids after --> levitation magnets are disconnected. In older designs, vehicles could land at high speeds during emergency braking, but this caused excessive wear on the skids. New designs allow for landing at zero or near-zero velocities only.
emergency landing -
For --> Maglev vehicles: --> landing made necessary by the failure of important components in the levitation system. In new vehicle designs, emergency landing is replaced by the use of safely lowering skids for punctual support or by acceptance of critical double breakdowns in the magnets because of mechanical connections between them.
embankment -
embankment -
proof of operational status -
Evidence of satisfactory results for --> component testing performed at the development stage. Components and subsystems are assessed on special test modules, while complete systems are tested using actual operational or large-scale experimental facilities.
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non-standard diamond crossing -
crossing of lines -
crossing (non-standard diamond -) -
diamond crossing -
diamond crossing on straight tracks -
standard diamond crossing -
allocation of train paths -
Provision of timetable slots for a given route.
path allocation -
allocation of train paths -
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pantograph frame friction -
The friction in the joints of a pantograph frame is determined from the difference in upward force during very slow downward and upward movements of the apex joint.
public hearing on land use -
Administrative process to study the impact which the construction and operation of a transport system could have on the administration's regional and technical planning objectives (--> feasibility study).
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rail examination -
ultrasonic testing -
no-contact operation -
Principle of providing vehicle levitation, guidance, propulsion and power supply with no mechanical contact between the vehicle and the guideway, and thus with no wear. This may be achieved by such means as --> magnetic levitation, a --> linear motor and a --> linear generator.
factual report -
acceptance report -
motorised train -
Homogenous unit of a motorised train set. Depending on the placement of the traction equipment, it can be either a --> motor train set or a --> divisible train set.
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autonomy -
self-supporting -
supervisory ministry -
shunting authority -
auto-synchronisation -
Device which through a combination of the bits transmitted can synchronise the receiver with the transmitter.
autotransformer -
A transformer in which part of the primary coil is used to form the secondary coil. A series of autotransformers along the track allows the transfer of high-voltage power from substations and makes it possible to power the feeder cable at a reasonable cost and with reduced power loss.
switch gear -
technology assessment -
Assessment of the risks for society and the environment entailed by specific technologies or technical systems, in order to provide decision-takers with the data required for medium- and long-term planning within a given period.
route evaluation -
Assessment, using known procedures, of all technical and ecological data available for numerous possible --> routes in order to find the route being least disruptive to the environment, while giving careful consideration to investment costs (--> optimal route).
lead - distribution
rail damage -
Defects, generally on the rail surface, other than cracks or breakages.
signals out of order -
multiple breakdown -
A series of unrelated breakdowns. In some safety procedures, the occurrence of two unrelated breakdowns during a given very short safety trial period is not taken into account. However, in other practice, both simultaneous and sequential multiple breakdowns must be considered in failure analysis, and addressed in safety engineering programmes.
acoustic warning device -
audible warning device -
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advice of arrival -
advice of delivery -
advice of circumstances preventing delivery -
advice of traffic on hand -
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